ABSTRACT
The first incidence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) was reported in a Danish research facility. Even though first discovered in monkeys, rodents account for the largest reservoir of the disease. It is an encapsulated, brick-shaped double-stranded DNA virus strongly related to the smallpox virus. The risk of acquiring MPXV has been found to be inversely related to smallpox vaccination. Although the cases were initially restricted to African countries, they were first reported outside Africa in the early 2000s. MPXV is transmitted through close personal contact, most commonly through direct skin-skin contact. The fatality rates associated with the MPXV tend to vary in different regions, with Congo clad basin having the highest mortality rate. The majority of the cases of MPXV have been reported in men who have sex with men. Although optimal infection control and treatment strategies are under investigation, the current management focus is on immunization and the isolation of patients. Effective control strategies are based on implementing a method of contact tracing, quarantining exposed and infected individuals, and using vaccines. There is no proven cure for MPXV, and most infected patients recover without medical intervention. Extensive studies are being conducted to determine the efficacy of antivirals in managing MPXV, with tecovirimat being the first antiviral medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to manage MPXV. The smallpox vaccine has traditionally been thought of as the most effective method of controlling the infection, possibly due to the similarities between the two viruses. However, numerous obstacles prevent the effective control of MPXV, including social isolation and stigma, poor understanding of the disease dynamics, lack of adequate patient education, and public health strategies.